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Chinese Art Theory and Critics


Gu Kaizhi (ca. 345 - 406): Beauty of form, exactness in calculation of scale, discrimination of yin and yang, and refinement of brushwork are all valued by the world. When a painter has heavenly principles in his mind and his hands work in accordance with his eye, then his work will be deeply understood without the medium of words.
--Lunhua (Essay on Painting).

Xie He (active ca. 500-535): Even though painting has its Six Laws, few are able to combine them thoroughly, and from ancient times until now, each painter has excelled in only one particular branch. What are the Six Laws? First, Spirit Resonance, which means vitality. Second, Bone Method, which is the way the brush is used. Third, Correspondence to the Object, which means depicting the form. Fourth, Suitability to Type, which involves the laying on of colors. Fifth, Division and Planning, which is placement and arrangement. Sixth, Transmission by Copying, which is the copying of models.
--Guhua pinlu (Record of the Ranking of Ancient Painters)

Zhang Yanyuan (ca. 847): The painter completes the process of sagely transformation and promotes human relationships. He exhausts miraculous transformations and fathoms the mysteriously sublime. His accomplishments rank with those of the six classics, and he moves in accordance with the four seasons. Issuing from what is naturally so, his work is not belabored nor does he force creativity.
--Lidai minghua ji (Record of Famous Painters of All the Dynasties)

Guo Ruoxu (ca. 1080): Nowadays in imitating the ancients, many painters do not measure up, but a few are capable of it. As for Buddhist and Taoist subjects, figure painting, court ladies, oxen and horses, modern painters are not as good as the ancients. But in landscape painting, flowers and bamboo, and animals and fish, the ancients are not as good as modern painters.
--Tuhua jianwen zhi (Experiences in Painting)

Tang Hou (ca. 1320-1330): If one does not look at a painting's quality, but worries only what time period it dates from, one is not a true connoisseur...When studying ancient paintings, one should first judge the silk, then the brush technique, then the Spirit Resonance.

When people of today judge paintings, they first take into account their formal likeness. They do not realize that ancient painters regarded formal likeness as the least important aspect. Even the figure paintings of Li Gonglin (1049-ca. 1105), the only important figure painter after Wu Daozi (8th c.), have shortcomings in formal likeness. Their subtle points lay in the brush technique, spirit resonance, and expressive character, while formal likeness was least important.
--Hua Lun (A Discussion of Painting)


New Books on Chinese Art


Reinventing the Wheel: Paintings of Rebirth in Medieval Buddhist Temples (Stephen F. Teiser, University of Washington Press, 2006): This book introduces the visual culture of the Wheel of Rebrith, one of the most basic and popular images in Asian Buddhist painting. The author explores the history and varied interpretations of the Wheel of Rebirth, a circle divided into sections depicting the Buddhist cycle of transmigration.

The Impossible Nude: Chinese Art and Western Aesthetics (Francois Jullien, translated by Maev de la Guardia, University of Chicago Press, 2006). The undraped human form is ubiquitous in Western art and even appears in the art of India and Japan. Only in China, Jullien argues, is the nude completely absent. In this enthralling extended essay, he explores the different conceptions of the human body that underlie this provocative disparity.

The Lady in the Painting: A Basic Chinese Reader (Claudia Ross, Yale University Press, 2006). Content information has not been released yet.

Paintings of the Yuan Dynasty, Complete Collection of Treasures, 4 (published by Palace Museum, Beijng, 2005) is a new publication featuring many important Yuan dynasty paintings in the Beijing Palace Museum's collection.


Chinese Art Exhibitions

Chinese Art Exhibition at MFA Boston: An exhibition entitled Understanding the Master: Dong Qichang (1555-1626) and His Circle is on display in MFA Boston from July 8, 2006 to January 2, 2007. This show forcuses on sketches Dong used to mature his ideas of classicism in painting. Skethces of rocks and trees reflect how Dong applied the analytical method of learning from old masters to the creation of a new classicism. Supported by paintings done by Dong's friends and followers, viewers are directed to think about the critical context in which Dong achieved his greatness.

Musee Guimet in Paris: Masterpieces from Qing Imperial Painting: The Very Rich Hours of the Court of China (1662-1796) is currently on display. The most magnificent painting is the long handscroll of The Yongzheng Emperor Ploughing the First Furrow (1723-35) (442 cm x 63 cm) by an anonymous artist.

The Asian Art Museum, San Francisco, California In A New Light: The Asian Art Museum Collection shows more than 2,500 extraordinary works from the museum's renowned collection in its new galleries. Together these works constitute a comprehensive introduction to the major cultures of Asia. Immense Indian stone sculptures, intricately carved Chinese jades, vibrant Korean paintings, mystical Tibetan thangkas (ritual paintings on cloth), serene Cambodian Buddhas, richly decorated Islamic manuscripts, and colourful Japanese kimonos are just a few of the treasures on view.

Honolulu Academy of Arts: Chinese Painting of the Shanghai School are on display until 23 April 2006. The show brings together some of the most influential artists who lived and worked in Shanghai during a time when traditional Chinese painting faced many challenges in the second half of the 19th century. Bringing these works together showcases the relationship between art and society at the end of the Qing period.

 

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